ShareWare OnLine 2/ShareWare OnLine Volume 2 (CMS Software)(1993).iso/educate/7_dayc3.zip/TUTOR.ZIP/CT3.DAT

Text File | 1993-01-08 | 39KB | 837 lines

CLS,1,25,7,0
18,0,15,0,"DAY 3:  DISK OPERATING SYSTEM"
MAIN,NULL
CLS,1,25,0,2
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,2
3,14,0,2, "    ┌─────────────────┐"
4,14,0,2, "    │ ███████████████ │"
5,14,0,2, "    │ ███████████████ │             ┌────────────────┐"
6,14,0,2, "    │ ███████████████ │             │ Drew Software  │"
7,14,0,2, "    │ ███████████████ │             │    CLASSWARE   │"
8,14,0,2, "    └──┬───────────┬──┘             │                │"
9,14,0,2, "┌──────┴───────────┴──────┐         │  INTRODUCTION  │"
10,14,0,2,"│ ┌┐┌──┐  ███████ ███████ │         │       TO       │"
11,14,0,2,"│ └┘└──┘                  │         │    COMPUTERS   │"
12,14,0,2,"│ ║║║║║║  ███████ ███████ │         │                │"
13,14,0,2,"└─────────────────────────┘         └────────────────┘"
11,24,2,0,"───────┼───────"
10,31,2,0,"│"
12,31,2,0,"│"
14,0,10,2,"HARDWARE and SOFTWARE"
16,8,0,2,"The term HARDWARE refers to computer EQUIPMENT.  This would be your"
16,17,11,2,"HARDWARE"
17,8,0,2,"CPU, video monitor, printer, modem, hard disk drive, cables, etc."
SPACE,2,0
19,8,1,2,"The term SOFTWARE refers to PROGRAMS, sets of instructions that tell"
19,17,14,2,"SOFTWARE"
19,36,15,2,"PROGRAMS"
20,8,1,2,"the computer how to perform a task.  The computer looks at that set"
21,8,1,2,"of instructions and performs the steps given it one at a time.  This"
22,8,1,2,"Drew Software Classware system is a program... SOFTWARE."
SPACE,2,1
CLS,1,25,5,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,14,7
3,0,14,7,"TO ILLUSTRATE..."
5,8,1,7,"To illustrate hardware/software use, we're going to tell you two"
6,8,1,7,"additional things that we didn't discuss before:"
SPACE,7,1
8,0,10,7,"HARDWARE"
9,8,4,7,"DO NOT DO THE FOLLOWING... YET:  Sometimes you may need to RESET your"
10,8,4,7,"computer system.  This may be required when you are using a poorly-"
11,8,4,7,"written program that has no other way to exit.  Rather than turn the"
12,8,4,7,"computer off, which is hard on the system, use CTRL ALT DEL (press"
13,8,4,7,"CTRL and hold it down, hold down ALT, and press DEL).  This will"
14,8,4,7,"perform a WARM BOOT and restart your system.  WARNING!!! This"
14,54,14,7,"WARNING!!!"
15,8,4,7,"erases ALL RAM information, so make sure you KNOW you want to do this"
16,8,4,7,"before pressing the buttons.  DO NOT DO THIS NOW or you will stop"
17,8,4,7,"this tutoring session!"
SPACE,7,4
CLS,8,17,5,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,14,7
8,0,11,7,"SOFTWARE"
9,8,5,7,"Take a look at a floppy disk.  See that notch in one corner?  Perhaps"
10,8,5,7,"the notch is covered by a piece of black or silver tape.  That is"
11,8,5,7,"called the WRITE PROTECT NOTCH.  If you have a diskette that you"
12,8,5,7,"do not want to be accidentally overwritten somehow, place a protect"
13,8,5,7,"tape over this notch.  If it is covered, the computer will not write"
14,8,5,7,"on the diskette; it will only read it.  If you wish to store new"
15,8,5,7,"information on that diskette, it must have this tab uncovered."
SPACE,7,5
18,8,0,7,"There you have two hints, one hardware, one software.  Remember that"
19,0,0,7,"HARDWARE = EQUIPMENT              SOFTWARE = PROGRAMS."
SPACE,7,0
CLS,1,25,5,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,14,1
3,0,4,1, "████████          █████████          █████████    "
4,0,4,1, "█      ██        ██       ██        ██            "
5,0,4,1, "█       ██      ██         ██      ██             "
6,0,4,1, "█        █      █           █       ███████████   "
7,0,4,1, "█       ██      ██         ██                 ██  "
8,0,4,1, "█      ██        ██       ██                 ██   "
9,0,4,1, "████████   █      █████████   █      █████████   █"
11,0,10,1,"  DISK            OPERATING           SYSTEM      "
12,8,7,1,"The Disk Operating System is the heart of your computer.  This is"
13,8,7,1,"a program that was written in order to allow your computer to"
14,8,7,1,"perform requried tasks."
SPACE,1,7
16,8,7,1,"By following the DOS instructions, the computer knows how to read"
17,8,7,1,"and write to disk drives, print information on paper, accept your"
18,8,7,1,"keyboard responses, and display information on your monitor."
SPACE,1,7
CLS,1,25,0,2
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,2
3,0,14,2,"DIFFERENT DOS VERSIONS"
5,8,0,2,"There are several differnt types of DOS.  The most widely used is"
6,8,0,2,"IBM's PC-DOS (trademark of IBM).  This is the version of DOS that"
6,14,15,2,"PC-DOS"
7,8,0,2,"comes with IBM computers.  Another kind is MS-DOS which is"
8,8,0,2,"produced by the Microsoft Corporation (again, TM Microsoft).  Oddly"
9,8,0,2,"enough, both DOS packages are practically the same thing.  DOS was"
10,8,0,2,"originally written by Microsoft and then licensed to IBM.  There are"
11,8,0,2,"SOME differences in the two packages; PC-DOS contains some options"
12,8,0,2,"designed to work ONLY with IBM computers.  But for the most part,"
13,8,0,2,"both packages run exactly the same, use the same commands, and will"
14,8,0,2,"work with almost every IBM compatible program in existence."
SPACE,2,0
16,8,1,2,"In addition, there are different version NUMBERS, ranging from"
17,8,1,2,"DOS 1.0 though DOS 5.0+ (as of the time of the writing of this"
18,8,1,2,"tutoral system).  This Drew Software Classware package covers"
19,8,1,2,"the commands you will use in the day to day scope of business and"
20,8,1,2,"personal operation--the commands that will be of value to you."
SPACE,2,1
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
3,0,14,3,"THREE DOS AREAS"
5,0,0,3,"DOS has three main categories we will be considering:"
6,0,0,3,"   1. FILENAMES     2. COMMANDS     3. DIRECTORIES"
SPACE,3,0
8,8,1,3,"FILENAMES are names that are given to programs and DATA FILES so that"
8,8,10,3,"FILENAMES"
9,8,1,3,"they may be identified at a future date (a DATA FILE is a collection"
10,8,1,3,"of information under one filename).  Every program or data file on"
11,8,1,3,"your computer has its own, individual file name."
SPACE,3,1
13,8,0,3,"COMMANDS are a set of pre-designed instructions that you will give"
13,8,15,3,"COMMANDS"
14,8,0,3,"your computer in order to get it to perform a specific function."
15,8,0,3,"These commands may cause your computer to store information in its"
16,8,0,3,"memory, send data to the printer to be put on paper, or retrive data"
17,8,0,3,"so that you may view it on the video monitor."
SPACE,3,0
19,8,0,3,"DIRECTORIES and SUBDIRECTORIES are areas of disk storage that are set"
19,8,14,3,"DIRECTORIES"
19,24,14,3,"SUBDIRECTORIES"
20,8,0,3,"aside for specific use.  Directories are most often used on hard disk"
21,8,0,3,"and are seldom used on floppy diskette.  For example, you may have one"
22,8,0,3,"directory which holds accounting information, another which keeps"
23,8,0,3,"business letters, and another which stores estimates."
SPACE,3,0
CLS,1,25,0,4
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,4
3,0,3,4,"FILENAMES"
5,8,0,4,"Filenames must conform to a standard, but it is a simple one, easy to"
6,8,0,4,"remember:"
7,8,0,4,"   1. Filenames may consist of UP TO 8 characters.  No more than 8."
SPACE,4,0
8,8,0,4,"   2. Filenames may have an EXTENSION of 3 or fewer characters to"
9,8,0,4,"      indicate the TYPE of file."
SPACE,4,0
10,8,0,4,"  3. If an extension is used, the filename and extension must be"
11,8,0,4,"     separated by a period (.)."
SPACE,4,0
12,8,0,4,"  4. There are some characters that cannot be used in a filename."
13,8,0,4,"     For safety, it is best to limit filenames to alphabetic and"
14,8,0,4,"     numeric characters (A-Z and 0-9)."
SPACE,4,0
15,8,0,4,"  5. No two files in the same directory may have the same filename."
16,8,0,4,"     If you attempt to do so, the first file will be overwritten by"
17,8,0,4,"     the second."
SPACE,4,0
19,0,1,4,"Here are some examples of valid filenames:"
20,0,1,4,"TESTFILE.DOC   GAME.BAS   CLIENTS   15MNTH.DAT   FILENAME.EXT"
SPACE,4,1
CLS,1,25,3,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,12,0
3,0,10,0,"FILENAMES -- EXTENSIONS"
5,8,3,0,"Extensions are used to identify the type of file.  There is a standard"
6,8,3,0,"here too that, while it looks complex, is easy to understand once you"
7,8,3,0,"begin to use the system on a regular basis:"
SPACE,0,3
9,8,2,0, ".COM  Command program. Performs a function directly from DOS"
SPACE,0,3
10,8,3,0,".EXE  Executable program.  A big, multi-function .COM program"
SPACE,0,3
11,8,4,0,".BAS  A BASIC language program.  Must be executed from BASIC, not DOS"
SPACE,0,3
12,8,5,0,".BAK  A backup of another file; probably there for safety reasons"
SPACE,0,3
13,8,6,0,".DAT  A data file.  Not a program; rather a collection of information"
SPACE,0,3
14,8,7,0,".DOC  Documention. A set of instructions or a manual"
SPACE,0,3
15,8,2,0,".TXT  Text file.  Either instructions or general information"
SPACE,0,3
16,8,3,0,".DEF  Definition file.  Used by a program to decide how to do things"
SPACE,0,3
17,8,4,0,".SYS  A system program used internally by the computer"
SPACE,0,3
18,8,5,0,".BAT  A batch file. Causes the computer to do things automatically"
SPACE,0,3
19,8,6,0,".HLP  Help file. Used by a program to help explain itself to the user"
SPACE,0,3
21,0,15,0,"Press SPACE to continue on to the next screen: Filename Examples."
SPACE,0,3
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,5
3,0,3,5,"FILENAMES"
5,8,7,5,"Following are some filename examples.  See if you can tell whether"
6,8,7,5,"they are valid or invalid (press Y or N).  If you choose incorrectly"
7,8,7,5,"a beep will sound."
SPACE,5,7
9,10,0,5,"YEARDATE.DOC"
INKEY,2,Y
9,30,1,5,"Yes. 8 characters, a period, and an extension."
11,10,0,5,"TIMER"
INKEY,2,Y
11,30,1,5,"Yes. An extension is allowed but not required."
13,10,0,5,"SALE FIG.DAT"
INKEY,2,N
13,30,1,5,"A space is a non-allowable character."
15,10,0,5,"MERCHANTS.DOC"
INKEY,2,N
15,30,1,5,"To many characters... 8 maximum."
17,10,0,5,"JAN15SAL.REC"
INKEY,2,Y
17,30,1,5,"Yes. Numbers are allowed."
19,10,0,5,"GROSSALE DOC"
INKEY,2,N
19,30,1,5,"Missing period between filename and extension."
SPACE,5,1
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
3,0,4,3,"████▄  █████  █████   █   █████"
4,0,4,3,"█   █  █   █  █       █   █    "
5,0,4,3,"████▀  █████  █████   █   █    "
6,0,4,3,"█  ▀█  █   █      █   █   █    "
7,0,4,3,"████▀  █   █  █████   █   █████"
9,0,10,3,"BASIC ALL-PURPOSE SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION CODE"
11,8,1,3,"B.A.S.I.C. is a programming LANGUAGE.  This means you can use it to"
12,8,1,3,"write computer programs.  It is difficult and time consuming to learn"
13,8,1,3,"and you may or may not want to mess around with it.  But some programs"
14,8,1,3,"require that you have a copy of BASIC to use them.  We need to show"
15,8,1,3,"you at this time how BASIC works."
SPACE,3,1
16,8,0,3,"To get into the BASIC language from DOS, simply enter the command"
17,8,0,3,"BASICA or GWBASIC or whatever the name of your particular basic"
18,8,0,3,"language happens to be, followed by the name of your program."
19,0,15,3,"EXAMPLE:      BASICA PROGNAME.BAS"
SPACE,3,0
20,8,1,3,"To exit back to DOS again, enter  SYSTEM."
21,8,1,3,"You can recognize a BASIC program by its extension of  .BAS"
22,8,1,3,"That's all we will discuss of this matter at this time.  A full"
23,8,1,3,"explanation of BASIC is contained in one of our other tutorals."
SPACE,3,1
CLS,1,25,4,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,7
3,0,4,7,"█      ████   █  ████   █████  █████  █████  █████  ████   █  █████  █████"
4,0,4,7," █     █   █  █  █   █  █      █        █    █   █  █   █  █  █      █    "
5,0,4,7,"  █    █   █  █  ████   ████   █        █    █   █  ████   █  ████   █████"
6,0,4,7,"   █   █   █  █  █  █   █      █        █    █   █  █  █   █  █          █"
7,0,4,7,"    █  ████   █  █   █  █████  █████    █    █████  █   █  █  █████  █████"
9,8,1,7,"A DIRECTORY is a CATEGORY of your disk that is intended for a specific"
9,10,14,7,"DIRECTORY"
10,8,1,7,"kind of information.  Note the '\' symbol above?  That is the symbol"
11,8,1,7,"that is used to separate one directory from another."
SPACE,7,1
13,8,1,7,"As an example, let's say you have the following kinds of information"
14,8,1,7,"you wish to store on your computer:  LETTERS, INVOICES, CLIENTS.  In"
15,8,1,7,"addition to these main areas, you wish to have two sub-categories"
16,8,1,7,"within the LETTERS section called BUSINESS and PERSONAL, to indicate"
17,8,1,7,"business and personal letters."
SPACE,7,1
19,8,1,7,"The MAIN directory is used as the base of all the other directories."
20,8,1,7,"Remember that directories are used MOSTLY on hard disks, although"
21,8,1,7,"from time to time you may discover them on floppies."
SPACE,7,1
CLS,1,25,7,1
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,1
3,0,4,1,"DIRECTORIES AND SUB-DIRECTORIES"
5,8,13,1,"MAIN ───┬─ LETTERS ──┬─ BUSINESS"
6,8,13,1,"        │            └─ PERSONAL"
6,46,15,1,"\LETTERS\PERSONAL\filename.ext"
7,8,13,1,"        ├─ INVOICES             "
8,8,13,1,"        └─ CLIENTS              "
10,8,7,1,"The above diagram illustrates how directories are designed.  To get"
11,8,7,1,"to one directory, you must go through another.  For example, to get"
12,8,7,1,"to the personal letters area, you must go through the MAIN-LETTERS-"
13,8,7,1,"PERSONAL area.  The \ symbol is the MAIN (or ROOT) directory"
SPACE,1,7
15,8,3,1,"If this seems a little complicated, imagine your disk to be a house"
16,8,3,1,"with several rooms.  To get to the back bedroom you have to go"
17,8,3,1,"through the FRONT DOOR \ LIVING ROOM \ HALLWAY \BACK BEDROOM.  So too"
18,8,3,1,"with your disk."
SPACE,1,3
20,8,5,1,"There are several commands designed to help you manipulate directories"
21,8,5,1,"and change around between them.  We will discuss these later on in"
22,8,5,1,"this lesson.  For now, suffice that you use DIRECTORIES to move"
23,8,5,1,"from one place in your computer to another."
SPACE,1,5
CLS,1,25,0,4
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,4
3,0,2,4,"█████  █████ ███████  ███████  █████  █   █  ████   █████"
4,0,2,4,"█      █   █ █  █  █  █  █  █  █   █  ██  █  █   █  █    "
5,0,2,4,"█      █   █ █  █  █  █  █  █  █████  █ █ █  █   █  █████"
6,0,2,4,"█      █   █ █  █  █  █  █  █  █   █  █  ██  █   █      █"
7,0,2,4,"█████  █████ █  █  █  █  █  █  █   █  █   █  ████   █████"
9,8,7,4,"   You give your computer COMMANDS when you wish it to do something."
10,8,7,4,"The computer has been programmed to respond to those commands when"
11,8,7,4,"they are properly entered.  How does it do so?  Let's consider"
12,8,7,4,"an illustration:"
SPACE,4,7
14,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
15,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
16,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
17,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
18,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
19,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
20,8,2,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
21,8,7,0,"       "
21,11,15,7,"▄"
14,20,3,4,"This represents an electronic light bulb board which"
15,20,3,4,"contains 49 bulbs.  If we were to rig a main power switch"
16,20,3,4,"to a bundle of wires and hook those wires to certain"
17,20,3,4,"bulbs, when we flipped the switch we would get an"
18,20,3,4,"interesting result.  Why don't you flip that switch ON"
19,20,3,4,"by pressing the number 1."
19,43,15,4,"1"
INKEY,2,1
15,11,10,0,""
16,10,10,0,""
16,12,10,0,""
17,9,10,0,""
17,13,10,0,""
18,9,10,0,""
19,9,10,0,""
19,13,10,0,""
21,11,15,7,"▀"
SPACE,1,2
20,20,3,4,"                                                         "
19,20,3,4,"                                                         "
18,20,3,4,"                                                         "
17,20,3,4,"                                                         "
16,20,3,4,"                                                         "
15,20,3,4,"                                                         "
14,20,3,4,"                                                         "
14,20,3,4,"As you can see, the board now shows the letter A.  You"
15,20,3,4,"have, in effect, PROGRAMMED the board by placing the"
16,20,3,4,"wires in the right spots and hooking them to a central"
17,20,3,4,"switch.  You might even label that switch  A  so you"
18,20,3,4,"know in the future what it does."
SPACE,4,3
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,5
3,8,0,5,"Now what would happen if we rigged a WHOLE BUNCH of wires and a"
4,8,0,5,"WHOLE BUNCH of bulbs to one main power switch?"
6,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
7,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
8,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
9,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
10,8,4,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
11,8,4,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
12,8,4,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
8,51,10,5,"FIRE IT UP!"
10,55,7,0,"███"
11,55,7,0,"███"
12,55,7,0,"███"
11,56,0,7,"1"
INKEY,2,1
7,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
8,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
9,8,4,0, "∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
10,8,4,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
11,8,4,0,"∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙"
14,0,10,5,"WOW!  WHAT A RUSH!"
SPACE,0,4
16,8,1,5,"Now, imagine that you had an UNLIMITED number of light bulbs to work"
17,8,1,5,"with, and some of them were on special circuits that would only light"
18,8,1,5,"if another bulb was already lit.  Then IF that bulb was lit, it would"
19,8,1,5,"then automatically light a bunch of others... that's a basic"
20,8,1,5,"explanation of how a computer program works; it flips the right"
21,8,1,5,"switches on and off at the right times."
SPACE,5,1
CLS,1,25,0,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
3,0,15,3,"INTERNAL/EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS"
5,8,1,3,"DOS commands tell your computer to perform a certain task.  There are"
6,8,1,3,"two general classifications of command:"
SPACE,3,1
8,8,0,3,"INTERNAL.  These are commands that remain in the computer's RAM for"
9,8,0,3,"    as long as the system is turned on.  You can call on these"
10,8,0,3,"    commands any time you need them."
SPACE,3,0
12,8,1,3,"EXTERNAL.  These are actual DOS sub-programs that reside on the DOS"
13,8,1,3,"    disk.  You must have those programs on your hard disk or you must"
14,8,1,3,"    use a DOS floppy disk when calling on these programs."
SPACE,3,1
CLS,1,25,0,6
3,0,7,6,"█████  █      █████"
4,0,7,6,"█      █      █    "
5,0,7,6,"█      █      █████"
6,0,7,6,"█      █          █"
7,0,7,6,"█████  █████  █████"
9,8,0,6,"AWWRIIIGHT!  Now we get to the good stuff.  We're going to actually"
10,8,0,6,"start learning the commands themselves.  The first one we will start"
11,8,0,6,"with is CLS.  This means CLear the Screen, and is used any time you"
12,8,0,6,"want to erase what is on the screen.  This command does NOT affect"
13,8,0,6,"RAM or any disk storage... just the screen."
SPACE,6,0
15,8,0,6,"Understand that there is a difference between DOS and PROGRAMS.  DOS"
16,8,0,6,"is the HEART of your computer.  Programs run separate from DOS"
17,8,0,6,"(usually) and use different commands than DOS, refering to DOS only"
18,8,0,6,"when they need to do special things like read and write from your disk"
19,8,0,6,"system.  That is why it's called the DISK OPERATING SYSTEM."
SPACE,6,0
21,8,0,6,"So it is not likely that CLS will work in other applications than"
22,8,0,6,"DOS itself, but it WILL work here!  Try it:  "
INPUT,2,23,8,EXACT,CLS
CLS,1,25,0,6
SPACE,6,0
10,0,15,6,"VERY GOOD!  YOU HAVE JUST USED A DOS COMMAND!"
SPACE,6,0
CLS,1,25,1,7
3,0,4,7,"████    █   █████"
4,0,4,7,"█   █   █   █   █"
5,0,4,7,"█   █   █   █████"
6,0,4,7,"█   █   █   █  █ "
7,0,4,7,"████    █   █   █"
9,8,1,7,"DIR provides you with a DIRectory, or catalog/index of what is on your"
10,8,1,7,"disk.  To show you how this works, we're going to present you with an"
11,8,1,7,"actual directory of this disk!"
12,8,0,7,"Go ahead now and enter the command:  "
INPUT,2,13,8,EXACT,DIR
SHELL,DIR
SPACE,7,0
CLS,1,25,1,0
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,0
3,8,2,0,"If that looked confusing, don't worry.  We'll explain everything nice"
4,8,2,0,"and neat so you can understand what you just saw.  A typical directory"
5,8,2,0,"looks something like this:"
7,8,7,0,"Volume in drive A is COMPTUTOR"
8,8,7,0,"Directory of A:\"
10,8,7,0, "TUTOR     EXE     72768  01-15-88  12:31p"
11,8,7,0, "DT1       DAT     31374  01-18-88   5:14a"
12,8,7,0, "DT2       DAT     38992  01-19-88   2:04p"
13,15,7,0,"3 File(s)   219362 bytes free"
SPACE,0,7
14,8,15,0," fname    ext     size    date      time"
16,8,3,0,"FNAME is the name of the file."
17,8,3,0,"EXT is the extension telling what kind of file it is."
18,8,3,0,"SIZE is the number of BYTES the file consumes on the disk."
19,8,3,0,"DATE is the last date the file was changed (updated)."
20,8,3,0,"TIME is the last time the file was changed."
21,8,3,0,"The bottom line tells how many files are present, and how much"
22,8,3,0,"space is still available on the disk... in this case 219362 characters."
SPACE,7,0
CLS,1,25,1,1
3,0,15,1,"OTHER DIR OPTIONS"
5,8,2,1,"DIR/W instructs the computer to show the directory in WIDE format."
5,8,13,1,"DIR/W"
SPACE,1,2
8,8,3,1,"DIR/P tells it to show the directory a PAGE at a time, then pause and"
8,8,10,1,"DIR/P"
9,8,3,1,"      wait for you to press a key before it continues."
SPACE,1,3
11,8,7,1,"Go ahead and try the /W option:  "
INPUT,0,13,8,EXACT,DIR/W
SHELL,DIR/W
SPACE,3,1
CLS,18,24,0,1
BOX,18,1,24,80,1,13,1
20,8,7,1,"As you can see, this option eliminates the 'detail' section of the"
21,8,7,1,"directory listing and presents you with just the filenames and free"
22,8,7,1,"disk space.  This allows more filenames to be shown at one time."
SPACE,1,7
CLS,1,25,1,2
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,2
3,0,1,2,"█  █  █  █  █      ████   █████  █████  █████  ████      █ █ █"
4,0,1,2,"█  █  █  █  █      █   █  █      █   █  █   █  █   █      ███ "
5,0,1,2,"█  █  █  █  █      █   █  █      █████  █████  █   █     █████"
6,0,1,2,"█  █  █  █  █      █   █  █      █   █  █  █   █   █      ███ "
7,0,1,2,"███████  █  █████  ████   █████  █   █  █   █  ████   █  █ █ █"
9,8,0,2,"The asterisk (*) is a filename 'wildcard', which means it can be used"
10,8,0,2,"to replace either the filename or the extension.  It means ALL. Thus,"
11,8,0,2,"a filename of *.BAS means ALL files with an extension of BAS."
SPACE,2,0
13,8,1,2,"What is the use of this 'wildcard'?  Let's imagine you wished to see"
14,8,1,2,"the DIRectory of all DATa files, and exclude any file that is not"
15,8,1,2,"a data file.  You could use the wildcard command:  "
15,59,11,2,"DIR *.DAT"
16,8,1,2,"We'll use an imaginary disk for this demonstration."
17,8,1,2,"Go ahead and enter the command:  "
INPUT,0,18,8,EXACT,DIR *.DAT
19,8,0,2,"Volume in drive A is HOMEDISK"
20,8,0,2,"Directory of A:\"
21,8,0,2, "RECIPE    DAT     11523  10-04-82   3:15a"
22,8,0,2, "PHONENUM  DAT      2642   7-12-85   7:19p"
23,15,0,2,"2 File(s)   348331 bytes free"
SPACE,2,0
CLS,1,25,1,3
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
3,0,1,3,"█  █  █  █  █████  ████   █████  █████  █████  ████      █ █ █"
4,0,1,3,"█  █  █  █      █  █   █  █      █   █  █   █  █   █      ███ "
5,0,1,3,"█  █  █  █   ████  █   █  █      █████  █████  █   █     █████"
6,0,1,3,"█  █  █  █   ▀     █   █  █      █   █  █  █   █   █      ███ "
7,0,1,3,"███████  █   █     ████   █████  █   █  █   █  ████   █  █ █ █"
9,8,0,3,"The question mark (?) replaces individual characters in a filename."
10,8,0,3,"This comes in handy when you have several SIMILAR filenames.  For"
11,8,0,3,"example, imagine that you have several SALES files that are updated"
12,8,0,3,"monthly, giving you SALE0187, SALE0287, and SALE0387.  You can see"
13,8,0,3,"the directory of all of these files by entering:  DIR SALE??87"
13,58,15,3,"DIR SALE??87"
14,8,0,3,"Go ahead and enter that command:  "
INPUT,0,15,8,EXACT,DIR SALE??87
16,8,1,3,"Volume in drive A is SALESINFO"
17,8,1,3,"Directory of A:\"
18,8,1,3,"SALE0187           3504  01-31-87   4:15p"
19,8,1,3,"SALE0287           3504  02-28-87   4:07p"
20,8,1,3,"SALE0387           3504  03-31-87   4:45p"
21,15,1,3,"3 File(s)   351984 bytes free"
SPACE,3,1
CLS,1,25,7,4
BOX,9,1,14,80,1,12,4
10,8,7,4,"Of course, wildcard characters can be used for much more than just"
11,8,7,4,"viewing the contents of a disk.  You can use them to copy files"
12,8,7,4,"from one disk to another (or one directory to another), and to"
13,8,7,4,"erase old files.  We will learn more about this soon."
SPACE,4,7
CLS,1,25,1,5
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,12,5
3,0,3,5,"█████           ████            █████   "
4,0,3,5,"█   █  █        █   █  █        █      █"
5,0,3,5,"█████           ████            █       "
6,0,3,5,"█   █  █        █   █  █        █      █"
7,0,3,5,"█   █           ████            █████   "
9,8,1,5,"No, we're not going to review the alphabet here.  We're going discuss"
10,8,1,5,"DRIVE NAMES.  Each disk drive on your computer has a name.  Drive A"
10,8,15,5,"DRIVE NAMES"
11,8,1,5,"is always your first floppy disk drive.  Drive B is either a second"
12,8,1,5,"floppy drive OR an imaginary drive that allows you to do some things"
13,8,1,5,"on a single-drive system that would otherwise be impossible.  Drive"
14,8,1,5,"C can be a third floppy, but is usually a hard disk drive.  Drive"
15,8,1,5,"names are always a letter of the alphabet and must be contiguous (you"
16,8,1,5,"can't skip letters)."
SPACE,5,1
18,8,3,5,"Drive names must always be followed by a colon (:) to indicate to"
19,8,3,5,"computer that it is a disk drive and not a filename.  That's because"
20,8,3,5,"you can also have FILES that are named A, B and C."
SPACE,5,3
CLS,1,25,7,6
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,12,6
3,0,14,6,"THE PROMPT"
5,8,7,6,"You have probably noticed a little line that often appears on your"
6,8,7,6,"computer that looks something like this:"
7,8,0,6,"A>"
SPACE,6,7
8,8,7,6,"This is called a PROMPT.  It tells you the NAME of the drive you are"
9,8,7,6,"currently using.  You can change from one drive to another by entering"
10,8,7,6,"the drive name followed by a colon.  Let's imagine we wish to switch"
11,8,7,6,"to drive B (we won't actually do this; we'll just play at it).  Enter"
12,8,7,6,"the command...     B:"
12,27,15,6,"B:"
13,8,7,6,"Go ahead, try it now:  "
14,8,0,6,"A>"
INPUT,0,0,0,EXACT,B:
15,8,0,6,"B>"
17,8,7,6,"As you can see, you have switched to drive B.  Now switch back again."
18,8,0,6,"B>"
INPUT,0,0,0,EXACT,A:
19,8,0,6,"A>"
21,8,7,6,"No one knows why you enter a colon (:) and get back a carrot (>)."
22,8,7,6,"Just another one of those fun little things that make computing"
23,8,7,6,"enjoyable."
SPACE,6,7
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,12,7
3,0,14,7,"DIRECTORY OF ANOTHER DISK"
5,8,1,7,"You can use the same principle to perform functions on another disk."
6,8,1,7,"If you wished to see the directory of drive B, you COULD switch over"
7,8,1,7,"to drive B with a B: and then give the DIR command.  OR you could use"
8,8,1,7,"another command that is much easier....  DIR B:  Go ahead and try it."
8,49,14,7,"DIR B:"
9,8,1,7,"A>"
INPUT,0,0,0,EXACT,DIR B:
10,8,1,7,"Volume in drive B is DATADISK"
11,8,1,7,"Directory of B:\"
12,8,1,7,"DATAITEM  DOC     22598  07-15-83   1:05p"
13,8,1,7,"NEWSALES  TXT     45962  03-28-87   5:07p"
14,8,1,7,"TIMESCAN  DAT     11690  04-18-84   9:45a"
15,15,1,7,"3 File(s)   282246 bytes free"
16,8,1,7,"A>"
18,8,5,7,"As you can see, you were able to see the directory of drive B while"
19,8,5,7,"still remaining in drive A (note the A> at the bottom)."
SPACE,7,5
CLS,1,25,2,0
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,12,0
3,0,2,0,"█████  █████  █████  █   █"
4,0,2,0,"█      █   █  █   █  █   █"
5,0,2,0,"█      █   █  █████  █████"
6,0,2,0,"█      █   █  █        █  "
7,0,2,0,"█████  █████  █        █  "
9,8,5,0,"The COPY command has several different forms.  It is used to copy"
10,8,5,0,"information from one place to another.  You can use COPY to:"
11,15,3,0,"1. Copy files to another disk."
12,15,3,0,"2. Copy a file to make a duplicate with a different filename."
13,15,3,0,"3. Create a file by typing in the information."
SPACE,0,3
15,8,5,0,"We will learn how to use the different forms of COPY now.  The first"
16,8,5,0,"form is the easiest to use.  In all forms of the COPY command, you"
17,8,5,0,"must tell the system WHAT you want to copy, WHERE it comes from, and"
18,8,5,0,"the DESTINATION of the copy."
SPACE,0,5
CLS,1,25,0,1
BOX,1,1,24,80,1,14,1
3,0,2,1,"COPY d1:filename d2:filename"
5,8,7,1,"The above information is the SYNTAX of the copy command (SYNTAX means"
6,8,7,1,"required information).  For example, if you have two floppy disk"
7,8,7,1,"drives (A and B) and wish to copy the file TIMENOTE.DOC from drive"
8,8,7,1,"A to B, you would use the syntax:  COPY A:TIMENOTE.DOC B:TIMENOTE.DOC"
8,43,13,1,"COPY A:TIMENOTE.DOC B:TIMENOTE.DOC"
SPACE,1,7
13,8,7,1,"Why don't you go ahead and try the command as we showed in the above"
14,8,7,1,"example.  We will first of all wish to clear the screen.  Go ahead"
15,8,7,1,"and enter the command which clears the screen:"
18,8,3,1,"A>"
INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
IF,2,NOT,CLS,20,8,7,1,"The correct command is CLS.  Go ahead an try it again."
IF,2,NOT,CLS,18,10,3,1,"        "
IF,2,NOT,CLS,INPUT,2,18,10,EXACT,CLS
CLS,1,25,0,2
2,8,0,2,"Now let's see what is on drive B: already.  Do you remember the"
3,8,0,2,"proper command to get a directory of drive B?"
5,8,1,2,"A>"
INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
IF,2,NOT,DIR B:,4,8,15,2,"The correct command is:  DIR B:"
IF,2,NOT,DIR B:,5,10,1,2,"             "
IF,2,NOT,DIR B:,INPUT,2,5,10,EXACT,DIR B:
6,8,1,2,"Volume in drive B is TAXACCT"
7,8,1,2,"Directory of B:\"
8,8,1,2,"     File not found"
9,8,1,2,"A>"
SPACE,2,0
11,8,0,2,"FILE NOT FOUND means no files currently exist on the disk in drive B."
12,8,0,2,"Now give it the command to copy the file:  COPY A:TIMENOTE.DOC B:"
INPUT,2,9,10,EXACT,COPY A:TIMENOTE.DOC B:
13,8,1,2,"   1 File(s) copied"
14,8,1,2,"A>"
SPACE,2,0
15,8,0,2,"Now let's look again at the directory of B.  Give the command."
INPUT,2,14,10,EXACT,DIR B:
16,8,1,2,"Volume in drive B is TAXACCT"
17,8,1,2,"Directory of B:\"
19,8,1,2,"TIMENOTE DOC   59312   01-08-88  3:24p"
20,8,1,2,"     1 File(s)   303184 bytes free"
21,8,1,2,"A>"
SPACE,2,1
23,8,0,2,"This shows that the file TIMENOTE.DOC has been copied to drive B."
SPACE,2,0
CLS,1,25,0,3
2,0,14,3,"COPY filename1 filename2"
8,8,0,3,"Sometimes you may wish to copy a file to the same disk but under a"
9,8,0,3,"different name.  Why?  Because of the need for BACKUP copies.  Your"
10,8,0,3,"computer files are magnetic information and can be changed at any"
11,8,0,3,"time.  Because of this, human or computer error can destroy a file"
12,8,0,3,"or even an entire disk of information.  It is wise to always have"
13,8,0,3,"backup copies so that WHEN you do lose a file (and you will) you have"
14,8,0,3,"a copy to replace it.  Let's try using this command to make a"
15,8,0,3,"backup."
SPACE,3,0
CLS,1,25,0,4
3,8,3,4,"The command to give is COPY TIMENOTE.DOC TIMENOTE.BAK     You do not"
3,31,15,4,"COPY TIMENOTE.DOC TIMENOTE.BAK"
4,8,3,4,"need drive names here because you are making a copy on the same disk."
5,8,3,4,"Try this on your own.  Look at the directory of A, copy the file,"
6,8,3,4,"then recheck the directory to make sure it copied correctly."
8,8,7,4,"A>"
8,10,0,4,""
INPUT,2,8,10,DIR A:
IF,2,NOT,DIR,8,20,7,4,"Just DIR will do. Try again."
IF,2,NOT,DIR,8,10,7,4,"          "
IF,2,NOT,DIR,INPUT,2,8,10,EXACT,DIR
9,8,7,4,"Volume in drive A is DISK1"
10,8,7,4,"Directory of A:\"
11,8,7,4,"TIMENOTE DOC   59312   01-08-88  3:24p"
12,8,7,4,"     1 File(s)   303184 bytes free"
13,8,7,4,"A>"
13,10,0,4,""
INPUT,2,13,10,EXACT,COPY TIMENOTE.DOC TIMENOTE.BAK
14,8,7,4,"   1 File(s) copied"
15,8,7,4,"A>"
15,10,0,4,""
INPUT,2,15,10,EXACT,DIR
16,8,7,4,"Volume in drive A is DISK1"
17,8,7,4,"Directory of A:\"
18,8,7,4,"TIMENOTE DOC   59312   01-08-88  3:24p"
19,8,7,4,"TIMENOTE BAK   59312   01-08-88  3:24p"
20,8,7,4,"     1 File(s)   243872 bytes free"
21,8,7,4,"A>"
23,0,15,4,"VERY GOOD!!!"
SPACE,4,7
CLS,1,25,0,5
2,0,15,5,"COPY filename PRN"
4,8,0,5,"  Have you ever wondered how you could instantly copy a file"
5,8,0,5,"to your printer?  This is how you do it.  By substituting your"
6,8,0,5,"desired filename in the above command, you should be able to print"
7,8,0,5,"out most files to your printer."
10,0,13,5,"EXAMPLE:   COPY MYFILE.DAT PRN"
SPACE,0,5
CLS,1,25,0,5
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,5
3,0,14,5,"█████ █ █   █ █████ █     █████     █████ █     █████ █████ █████ █   █"
4,0,14,5,"█     █ ██  █ █     █     █         █     █     █   █ █   █ █   █ █   █"
5,0,14,5,"█████ █ █ █ █ █ ███ █     ████      ████  █     █   █ █████ █████ █████"
6,0,14,5,"    █ █ █  ██ █   █ █     █         █     █     █   █ █     █       █  "
7,0,14,5,"█████ █ █   █ █████ █████ █████     █     █████ █████ █     █       █  "
9,0,14,5, "█████ █████ █████ █   █"
10,0,14,5,"█     █   █ █   █ █   █"
11,0,14,5,"█     █   █ █████ █████"
12,0,14,5,"█     █   █ █       █  "
13,0,14,5,"█████ █████ █       █  "
15,8,1,5,"You know how it is.  Just when you think you've got it figured out,"
16,8,1,5,"someone throws a monkey wrench into the works.  The COPY command"
17,8,1,5,"is used to copy files from one hard disk subdirectory to another, or"
18,8,1,5,"to copy from hard disk to floppy disk, or to copy a file or set of"
19,8,1,5,"files from one diskette to another diskette.  That all sounds easy"
20,8,1,5,"enough to do.  But what about those who have only one floppy drive?"
SPACE,5,1
CLS,1,25,0,6
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,6
3,8,7,6,"That complicates things, since COPY works without pausing.  But there"
4,8,7,6,"is a provision of DOS to handle that.  It is called the LOGICAL DRIVE."
4,64,14,6,"LOGICAL DRIVE"
5,8,7,6,"This is an imaginary drive that the computer THINKS is there.  Usually"
6,8,7,6,"a second floppy disk drive would be known as drive B.  But if you have"
7,8,7,6,"only one drive, the computer still THINKS there is a drive B and it"
8,8,7,6,"uses drive A for both drives.  Does this sound confusing?"
9,0,15,6,"That's because it is!!!!"
SPACE,6,7
11,8,0,6,"But we can make it easier to understand if we do a single drive"
12,8,0,6,"COPY.  The command to copy a file from one diskette to another on"
13,8,0,6,"a single disk drive is:"
14,0,14,6,"COPY A:filename B:"
SPACE,6,7
16,8,7,6,"The computer, if given this command, will begin the copy, and then"
17,8,7,6,"will prompt you to switch from the SOURCE to the TARGET diskette."
18,8,7,6,"On the next screen we will simulate this process."
SPACE,6,7
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,7
3,8,1,7,"We want to copy a file called ACCOUNTS.DAT from one diskette to"
4,8,1,7,"another.  We only have one floppy drive, A, and no hard disk.  Enter"
5,8,1,7,"the command you would use to do this (can you remember it?)"
7,8,1,7,"A>"
INPUT,2,7,10,ANY
IF,2,NOT,COPY A:ACCOUNTS.DAT B:,7,40,4,7,"TRY: COPY A:ACCOUNTS.DAT B:"
IF,2,NOT,COPY A:ACCOUNTS.DAT B:,INPUT,2,7,10,EXACT,COPY A:ACCOUNTS.DAT B:
8,8,1,7,"Insert SOURCE disk and press ENTER"
8,43,4,7,"(Don't insert disk for this example)"
INKEY,2,ANY
9,8,1,7,"Insert DESTINATION disk and press ENTER"
INKEY,2,ANY
10,8,1,7,"Insert SOURCE disk and press ENTER"
INKEY,2,ANY
11,8,1,7,"Insert DESTINATION disk and press ENTER"
INKEY,2,ANY
12,15,1,7,"1 File(s) copied"
SPACE,7,1
15,8,5,7,"Allowing more time between source and destination diskette switching,"
16,8,5,7,"this is pretty much the way a file copy is made on a single-floppy"
17,8,5,7,"diskette system."
SPACE,7,5
19,8,1,7,"Even if you have a single floppy and a hard drive, for small files"
20,8,1,7,"it is easier to do it this way than to make a copy from floppy to"
21,8,1,7,"hard drive and then copy from hard drive to the second floppy and"
22,8,1,7,"then erase the file on the hard disk (it's hard enough just to"
23,8,1,7,"DESCRIBE the process!)."
SPACE,7,1
CLS,1,25,0,5
2,0,15,5,"COPY CON:FILENAME"
4,8,0,5,"Have you wondered how a data file is created in the first place?"
5,8,0,5,"There are several ways, but this is the simplest method.  To use this"
6,8,0,5,"command you need to remember two things: 1-the command itself, and"
7,8,0,5,"2- the ^Z key combination.  Ctrl-Z means 'end of file' and is used to"
8,8,0,5,"stop adding information to the file once you have started."
SPACE,5,0
10,8,7,5,"The LOGIC of file creation is this:  Tell the computer you are"
11,8,7,5,"creating a file, and what name it is to have.  Tell it also you will"
12,8,7,5,"enter file information directly from the keyboard.  Enter the"
13,8,7,5,"information.  Tell the computer you are finished."
SPACE,5,7
15,8,3,5,"The CON: in the above command stands for CONSOLE, which means in"
16,8,3,5,"this case, your keyboard.  Therefore, you are telling the computer to"
17,8,3,5,"copy information from the KEYBOARD to the FILENAME."
SPACE,5,3
CLS,1,25,0,6
2,0,14,6,"COPY CON:FILENAME"
4,8,0,6,"Let's try this.  We will create a file called TEST.DOC.  First of all"
5,8,0,6,"enter the command that will get things started.  Can you do it?"
7,8,0,6,"A>"
INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
IF,2,NOT,COPY CON:TEST.DOC,7,40,7,6,"TRY:  COPY CON:TEST.DOC"
IF,2,NOT,COPY CON:TEST.DOC,7,10,7,6,"                          "
IF,2,NOT,COPY CON:TEST.DOC,INPUT,2,7,10,EXACT,COPY CON:TEST.DOC
8,8,0,6,"_"
10,8,0,6,"The computer responds with a _ character, meaning it is ready for"
11,8,0,6,"DATA INPUT (entry of information).  All you have to do is type in"
12,8,0,6,"the information until you are finished.  When you ARE through,"
13,8,0,6,"enter ^Z as the final line.  Let's enter the lines:"
14,8,7,6,"         THIS IS TEST LINE 1"
15,8,7,6,"         THIS IS TEST LINE 2"
16,8,7,6,"         HEY, THIS REALLY WORKS!             Try it now..."
16,53,0,6,"Try it now..."
17,8,0,6,"_"
INPUT,2,17,8,EXACT,THIS IS TEST LINE 1
18,8,0,6,"_"
INPUT,2,18,8,EXACT,THIS IS TEST LINE 2
19,8,0,6,"_"
INPUT,2,19,8,EXACT,HEY, THIS REALLY WORKS!
20,8,0,6,"_"
INKEY,2,ANY
20,8,0,6,"^Z"
INKEY,2,ANY
21,8,0,6,"     1 File(s) copied"
SPACE,6,0
CLS,1,25,1,7
2,8,1,7,"Is the file really there?  Why don't you check and see?"
4,8,1,7,"A>"
INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
IF,2,NOT,DIR,4,40,4,7,"You need to use DIR."
IF,2,NOT,DIR,4,10,4,7,"            "
IF,2,NOT,DIR,INPUT,2,4,10,EXACT,DIR
5,8,1,7,"Volume in drive A is DISK1"
6,8,1,7,"Directory of A:\"
7,8,1,7,"TIMENOTE DOC   59312   01-08-88  3:24p"
8,8,1,7,"TIMENOTE BAK   59312   01-08-88  3:24p"
9,8,1,7,"TEST     DOC      66   01-08-88  5:17p"
10,8,1,7,"     1 File(s)    243806 bytes free"
11,8,1,7,"A>"
13,8,14,7,"EXCELLENT!"
SPACE,7,1
17,8,4,7,"This provides you with a good understanding of how the COPY command"
18,8,4,7,"works.  In the next section we will demonstrate how you may look"
19,8,4,7,"at the file once it is created."
SPACE,7,4
CLS,1,25,1,7
BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,7
3,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █  █████"
4,0,4,7,"██  █  █       █ █     █  "
5,0,4,7,"█ █ █  ████     █      █  "
6,0,4,7,"█  ██  █       █ █     █  "
7,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █    █  "
10,8,1,7,"This section has introduced you to several commands of the Disk"
11,8,1,7,"Operating System.  In the next section we will learn additional"
12,8,1,7,"commands and see how they interract with the commands we have just"
13,8,1,7,"learned.  Press SPACE to continue on, or ESC to stop the session here."
SPACE,7,1
PROG,CT4.DAT